Free Essays on Merode Altarpiece

One of the most celebrated and most generally concentrated of Netherland works of art is Robert Campin, the Master Flemalles, Merode Altarpiece finished in 1426. This three piece board triptych mixed fifteenth century Flemings with its perfection and confusing imagery. The subject of the altarpiece is the Annunciation. The Annunciation is envisioned as occurring not in the customary church however in a cutting edge Nether land house. The extents of the â€Å"room† which possesses the enormous focal board are radically foreshortened, yet the painter’s selection of views shows improvement in bound together point of view that is so unique in relation to the enlightened French compositions done by the Limburg Brothers. 1 Campin utilizes singular boards to shape the visual field of the altarpiece. The little size of the altarpiece a little more than two feet square helps us to remember its capacity in an individual recognition. 2 Flemish composition has experienced a change and objects of every day life and consecrated customs are rendered with representative substance of the artistic creation, as articles that serve other then symbolic purposes.1 The Virgin Mary is appeared in the focal board perusing and not recognizing the nearness of the heavenly attendant Gabriel looking out for her. George Ferguson writer of Signs and Symbolism in Christian Art deciphers Mary’s perusing as occurring with regards to a sanctuary.3 Reading in the Flemish culture is a demonstration of private dedication rather then open strengthening. Lilies on the table and a towel in its specialty speak to the piscine that the cleric use for hand washing and emblematic purification.3 The left board shows the givers glancing through an entryway, open-peered toward, and watching, a key topic of Netherlanders compositions, Mary and the Angel Gabriel. The Metropolitan Museum of Art recommend the benefactors in the artistic creation is that of Jan Englebrecht a vendor and his better half that lived in Cologne. A monitored divider isolates the contributors solidly from the town behind ... Free Essays on Merode Altarpiece Free Essays on Merode Altarpiece One of the most popular and most generally concentrated of Netherland works of art is Robert Campin, the Master Flemalles, Merode Altarpiece finished in 1426. This three piece board triptych mixed fifteenth century Flemings with its loveliness and confusing imagery. The subject of the altarpiece is the Annunciation. The Annunciation is envisioned as occurring not in the conventional church yet in a cutting edge Nether land house. The extents of the â€Å"room† which possesses the enormous focal board are definitely foreshortened, however the painter’s selection of views exhibits improvement in brought together point of view that is so not the same as the enlightened French original copies done by the Limburg Brothers. 1 Campin utilizes singular boards to shape the visual field of the altarpiece. The little size of the altarpiece a little more than two feet square helps us to remember its capacity in an individual recognition. 2 Flemish artistic creation has experienced a progress and objects of day by day life and consecrated customs are rendered with representative substance of the work of art, as articles that serve other then figurative purposes.1 The Virgin Mary is appeared in the focal board perusing and not recognizing the nearness of the holy messenger Gabriel looking out for her. George Ferguson writer of Signs and Symbolism in Christian Art deciphers Mary’s perusing as occurring with regards to a sanctuary.3 Reading in the Flemish culture is a demonstration of private commitment rather then open strengthening. Lilies on the table and a towel in its specialty speak to the piscine that the cleric use for hand washing and emblematic purification.3 The left board shows the givers glancing through an entryway, open-looked at, and watching, a key topic of Netherlanders artworks, Mary and the Angel Gabriel. The Metropolitan Museum of Art recommend the contributors in the artistic creation is that of Jan Englebrecht a vendor and his better half that lived in Cologne. A monitored divider isolates the contributors immovably from the town behind ...

Saxonville Sausage Company Essay Example For Students

Saxonville Sausage Company Essay Issue: How can I, Ann Banks, item advertising executive at Saxonville Sausage Company, propose a reasonable situation for the Italian brand hotdog Vivio? Alternatives: I can look over one these four ideas grew: a)â€Å"Family Connection† idea b)â€Å"Love† idea c)â€Å"Balance† idea d)â€Å"Creative/Clever cooking† idea Decision: Saxonville Sausage Company should utilize the â€Å"Creative Cooking† idea Reason: From the information on Italian Sausage Concept Assesment, it tends to be seen that both â€Å"Family Connection† and â€Å"Creative Cooking† ideas were positioned high however the respondents’ recognition with â€Å"authentic Italian heritage† may have one-sided their sentiment toward† Family Connection. † The â€Å"Family Connection† position would not permit Vivio to separate itself from different brands and would detract from different brands in Saxonville Sausage Company. â€Å"Creative Cooking† is simpler to convey than the â€Å"Family Connection† position. In the buy purpose concentrate twice the same number of respondents said they unquestionably would purchase the item dependent on the Creative Cooking position than the Family Connection position. This is a purchaser class item which is homogeneous, and thus substitutes dependent on cost are effectively accessible. To evade a value war, this hotdog must be separated from the opposition and â€Å"Creative Cooking† would help do that. Upsides and downsides of choice taken: ProsCons Higher no of respondents would purchase the productRanked second by most reporters Easier to communicateRisk of losing clients from â€Å"Family Connection† position Allow Saxonville to separate from different brands Plan to deal with cons: As more respondents have said they would purchase dependent on â€Å"Creative Cooking† than â€Å"Family Connection†, it is simpler to sell dependent on â€Å"Creative Cooking† idea. Likewise, the danger of losing client from â€Å"Family Connection† can be relieved by utilizing the line â€Å"†¦you spend accomplishing for your family†¦Ã¢â‚¬  with specific accentuation on family could likewise engage the â€Å"Family connection† clients.

How Cognitive Behavior Therapy Works

How Cognitive Behavior Therapy Works Psychotherapy Print Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as Treatment Process, Types, Components, Uses, and Effectiveness By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 11, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Verywell / Daniel Fishel More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In This Article Table of Contents Expand Basics Types Components Process Uses Criticism View All Back To Top Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. CBT is commonly used to treat a wide range of disorders, including  phobias, addictions, depression, and anxiety.?? Cognitive behavior therapy is generally short-term and focused on helping clients deal with a very specific problem. During the course of treatment, people learn how to identify and change destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on behavior and emotions.?? Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Basics The underlying concept behind CBT is that our thoughts and feelings play a fundamental role in our behavior.?? For example, a person who spends a lot of time thinking about plane crashes, runway accidents and other air disasters may find themselves avoiding air travel. The goal of cognitive behavior therapy is to teach patients that while they cannot control every aspect of the world around them, they can take control of how they interpret and deal with things in their environment. Cognitive behavior therapy has become increasingly popular in recent years with both mental health consumers and treatment professionals. Because CBT is usually a short-term treatment option, it is often more affordable than some other  types of therapy. CBT is also empirically supported and has been shown to effectively help patients overcome a wide variety of maladaptive behaviors.?? Automatic Negative Thoughts One of the main focuses of cognitive behavioral therapy is on changing the automatic negative thoughts that can contribute to and exacerbate emotional difficulties, depression, and anxiety. These negative thoughts spring forward spontaneously, are accepted as true, and tend to negatively influence the individuals mood. Through the CBT process, patients examine these thoughts and are encouraged to look at evidence from reality that either supports or refutes these thoughts. By doing this, people are able to take a more objective and realistic look at the thoughts that contribute to their feelings of anxiety and depression. By becoming aware of the negative and often unrealistic thoughts that dampen their feelings and moods, people are able to start engaging in healthier thinking patterns.?? Types of Cognitive Behavior Therapy According to the British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies, Cognitive and behavioral psychotherapies are a range of therapies based on concepts and principles derived from psychological models of human emotion and behavior. They include a wide range of treatment approaches for emotional disorders, along with a continuum from structured individual  psychotherapy  to self-help material. There are a number of specific types of therapeutic approaches that involve CBT that are regularly used by mental health professionals. Examples of these include: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy  (REBT):  This type of CBT is centered on identifying and altering irrational beliefs. The process of REBT involves identifying the underlying irrational beliefs, actively challenging these beliefs, and finally learning to recognize and change these thought patterns.Cognitive Therapy:  This form of therapy is centered on identifying and changing inaccurate or distorted thinking patterns, emotional responses, and behaviors.??Multimodal Therapy:  This form of CBT suggests that psychological issues must be treated by addressing seven different but interconnected modalities, which are behavior, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal factors and drug/biological considerations.??Dialectical Behavior Therapy:  This type of cognitive-behavioral therapy addresses thinking patterns and behaviors and incorporates strategies such as emotional regulation and mindfulness. While each type of cognitive-behavioral therapy offers its own unique approach, each centers on addressing the underlying thought patterns that contribute to psychological distress. The Best Online Therapy Programs The Components of Cognitive Behavior Therapy People often experience thoughts or feelings that reinforce or compound faulty beliefs. Such beliefs can result in problematic behaviors that can affect numerous life areas, including family, romantic relationships, work, and academics. For example, a person suffering from low  self-esteem  might experience  negative thoughts  about his or her own abilities or appearance. As a result of these negative thinking patterns, the individual might start avoiding social situations or pass up opportunities for advancement at work or at school. In order to combat these destructive thoughts and behaviors, a cognitive-behavioral therapist begins by helping the client to identify the problematic beliefs. This stage, known as functional analysis, is important for learning how thoughts, feelings, and situations can contribute to maladaptive behaviors.?? The process can be difficult, especially for patients who struggle with introspection, but it can ultimately lead to self-discovery and insights that are an essential part of the treatment process. The second part of cognitive behavior therapy focuses on the actual behaviors that are contributing to the problem. The client begins to learn and practice new skills that can then be put in to use in real-world situations. For example, a person suffering from drug addiction might start practicing new coping skills and rehearsing ways to avoid or deal  with social situations  that could potentially trigger a relapse. In most cases, CBT is a gradual process that helps a person take incremental steps towards a  behavior change. Someone suffering from social anxiety might start by simply imagining himself in an anxiety-provoking social situation. Next, the client might start practicing conversations with friends, family, and acquaintances. By progressively working toward a larger goal, the process seems less daunting and the goals easier to achieve. The Process of Cognitive Behavior Therapy During the process of CBT, the therapist tends to take a very active role.CBT is highly goal-oriented and focused, and the client and therapist work together as collaborators toward the mutually established goals.The therapist will typically explain the process in detail and the client will often be given homework to complete between sessions.Cognitive-behavior therapy can be effectively used as a short-term treatment centered on helping the client deal with a very specific problem.?? Uses of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy has been used to treat people suffering from a wide range of disorders, including: AnxietyPhobiasDepressionAddictionsEating disordersPanic attacksAnger CBT is one of the most researched types of therapy, in part because treatment is focused on highly specific goals and results can be measured relatively easily. Compared to psychoanalytic types of psychotherapy which encourage a more open-ended self-exploration, cognitive behavior therapy is often best-suited for clients who are more comfortable with a  structured and focused approach in which the therapist often takes an instructional role. However, for CBT to be effective, the individual must be ready and willing to spend time and effort analyzing his or her thoughts and feelings. Such self-analysis and homework can be difficult, but it is a great way to learn more about how internal states impact outward behavior. Cognitive behavior therapy is also well-suited for people looking for a short-term treatment option for certain types of emotional distress that does not necessarily involve psychotropic medication. One of the greatest benefits of cognitive-behavior therapy is that it helps clients develop coping skills that can be useful both now and in the future.?? Criticisms of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Initially, some patients suggest that while they recognize that certain thoughts are not rational or healthy, simply becoming aware of these thoughts does not make it easy to alter them. CBT doesnt tend to focus on potential underlying unconscious resistances to change as much as other approaches such as  psychoanalytic psychotherapy.?? It is important to note that CBT does not just involve identifying these thought patterns; it is focused on using a wide range of strategies to help clients overcome these thoughts.  Such strategies may include journaling, role-playing, relaxation techniques, and mental distractions.?? A Word From Verywell Cognitive-behavior therapy can be an effective treatment choice for a range of psychological issues. If you feel that you might benefit from this form of therapy, consult with your physician and check out the directory of certified therapists offered by the National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists to locate a professional in your area.

Medieval Universities Essay - 726 Words

Medieval Universities The appearance of universities was part of the same high-medieval education boom. Originally universities were institutions where students could attain specialized instruction in advanced studies. These types of studies were not available in the average cathedral schools. Advanced schools existed in the ancient world, but did not promote a fixed curricula or award degrees. The term university originally meant a corporation of guild. All universities were corporations of students or teachers. Guilds were originally established to protect the interests and rights of the members. The majority of the universities practiced diverse curriculum ( a few universities did specialize in medicine or law). A new†¦show more content†¦This is usually done by filling out a questionnaire. At this point in time, the student has already endured a full term of a professor. If the professor is doing a horrible or unfair job, the student is forced to endure this without any relief. Not only does this affect the students drive to learn, but also his ability to learn. Having a poor professor hinders the students learning capabilities. When this happens, the student has usually forgotten most of what he learned by the end of the term. This makes a total waste of time and money. As for medieval times, the student guilds began to have enormous power during the 13th century. Students could discharge professors that did not meet the specifications of a good professor. The students only had to refuse to attend the classes. Professors of this time also had to pledge allegiance to a guild. The guild would provide the professors salary. Professors were dependent to the students and had to receive permission from the students for any changes. Holidays and beginning and duration time of lectures were decided by the student guilds. With the passage of time, guilds began to structure the curriculum, and the time duration of each subject. A fine would be imposed if the professor omitted material or went over the designated duration time of lectures. The student guilds were kept informed of a professors behavior and incompetence and would discipline the professorShow MoreRelatedLife at a Medieval University1406 Words   |  6 PagesLife at a medieval university for clerics was in many regards similar to our present day college experience. When college was in session, life was basically split into two categories; life in the books, and life outside the books if you will. Scholars needed to focus their attention to the tasks at hand during learning hours. As we know today, the more time you spend studying, the better grades you’ll achieve. On the other hand, scholars needed a release from the daily grind of constant academicRead MoreEssay on Universities Medieval And Mode675 Words   |  3 Pages Universities: Medieval and Modern nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Universities have existed since the Twelfth Century AD and have been evolving ever since. There have been many changes however many things have remained unchanged throughout the years. The student and teacher roles have evolved as well as the general purpose of going to a university. Overall the academic aspects have changed more than the personal aspects of college. In 1200, the King of France issued a statement (118)* regardingRead MoreExamining How Medieval Universities Have Impacted Modern Universities700 Words   |  3 Pagesstill affects us today is the rise of universities and higher education. This new form of community teaching led to a rapid increase in the percentage of people who were literate in the Middle Ages and continued to flourish into a world-wide phenomenon which has changed the world of today and allows millions of people to delve deeper into their preferred area of interest and allow them to obtain a degree. Around 800-1050 A.D., prior to the formation of universities, getting an education was extremelyRead MoreThe Evolution of the Motet Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesdemise in the 18th century with Mozart. It played an integral role in the shape of church music and helped move music into madrigals and into the public’s secular eye. More specifically its fruition can be categorized into the three eras of music: Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque. The motet developed from simple organum (a form of early polyphony based on an existing plainsong) into Mozart’s very famous â€Å"Ave Verum Corpus.† To truly understand what something has become, we must first see where itsRead MoreThe Author of the Black Death: John Aberth Essay828 Words   |  4 Pagesother colleges in Vermont, including the University of Vermont. In 1992, John Aberth received his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in Medieval Studies after he received his masters from the University of Leeds. He is the author of five books, whose main focus is the effects of the Black Death in the later Middle Ages, including The First Horsemen: Disease in Human History, The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350, and A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film. Published in 2001Read MoreThe Tragedy Of The Black Death1379 Words   |  6 Pagespreparation. ¹ People also lived immorally and their religion became superstitions to them since they knew death was knocking at the door, and Christians and Muslims believed the ultimate cause of the Black Death was the Wrath of God ¹. When facing death, medieval society in 1348 looked to the Church, just as they did to medics, for rituals of comfort.3 â€Å"Fearing contagion, burials became hasty affairs. By law, no one other than immediate family could accompany the body to the cemetery and many city governmentsRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Wife Of Bath1521 Words   |  7 Pagesof the female voice and their value outside of being a wife and mother. â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† provides one of the most intriguing medieval cultural insights to gender studies. The reader joins a pilgrimage with the Canterbury Tale’s most audacious and sexually unrestricted female narra tors who also gives a personal account of the conflicts women faced in Medieval England. The complexities, ambiguities and wit of his characters allows Chaucer to evoke humor in this tale, while displaying a sensitivityRead MoreThe Deadly Black Death Plague Of Europe1054 Words   |  5 PagesEuropean counterparts(Brown University, 2010). Environmental Implications The black plague was responsible for dying crops , deteriorating fields, and bedding grasslands . This loss of yielding farm land caused starvation along with death of cattle due to lack of care from absent caretakers who were stricken by the disease. Villages and towns became non- existent . The disease single-handedly change the populous demographic make-up of medieval Europe as the scarceRead MoreThe difference between medieval and early modern is one of degree rather than strict demarcation. Discuss this idea in the context of any two writers you have read.(Everyman and Dr Faustus)2404 Words   |  10 PagesThe medieval and early modern periods were eras with distinctive issues and ideals. Some of their key themes were very similar, such as the importance of religion and the role it played in everyday life, while other matters were unique to their time, such as the medieval selling of indulgences, or the early modern Reformation of the Church. These examples illustrate clea rly the mixture of change and stasis in the two ages, as a subject shared by both periods yielded so great a diversity of issuesRead MoreWomen In Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales1288 Words   |  6 Pagesof women is different, and trace their role within Chaucer’s masterpiece. In doing so, first some general characteristics of how women were viewed during the medieval period are presented, and then there is an analysis of how they are presented in Chaucer and the differences from the stereotype. The Medieval Society and Women The medieval period was characterized by major social changes that were reflected both in the everyday lives of people but also in the literature produced during that period

Essay about Upton Sinclair And The Chicago Meat-Packing...

Upton Sinclair and the Chicago Meat-packing Industry In 1900, there were over 1.6 million people living in Chicago, the countrys second largest city. Of those 1.6 million, nearly 30% were immigrants. Most immigrants came to the United States with little or no money at all, in hope of making a better life for themselves. A city like Chicago offered these people jobs that required no skill. However, the working and living conditions were hazardous and the pay was barely enough to survive on. This is the bases for Upton Sinclairs book, The Jungle. Sinclair agreed to investigate working conditions in Chicagos meatpacking plants, for the Socialist journal, Appeal to Reason, in 1904. The Jungle, published in 1906, is†¦show more content†¦They needed help from the government and local community. In other words, machine politics. Politicians played an important role in the political machine. In order to maintain this role, they received substantial kickbacks from the owners of the factories. They would recruit people to help the immigrants become citizens of the United States, and then pay the immigrants to vote for a specific candidate, often several times. Before the Progressive Party materialized, there were just the Democrats and the Republicans, and the one got the office which bought the most votes. Readers were not concerned with the treatment of workers, as portrayed by The Jungle, because they really didnt care for the working class, or more specifically, immigrants. However, readers were shocked when they discovered exactly how their meat was processed and prepared. Sinclair used just as much, if not more, gruesome detail in describing the products the American public was consuming, as he did when describing the workplace, living conditions, politics, society and Chicagos scenery. In a futile attempt to build up the readers sympathy toward the wage-slaves, Sinclair also details the process in which foods not related to the meat-packing industry are prepared. For example, he write s, their pale blue milk...was watered, and doctored with formaldehyde. The controversy over foodShow MoreRelatedUpton Sinclair and the Chicago Meat-Packing Industry1072 Words   |  5 PagesUpton Sinclair and the Chicago Meat-packing Industry In 1900, there were over 1.6 million people living in Chicago, the countrys second largest city. Of those 1.6 million, nearly 30% were immigrants. Most immigrants came to the United States with little or no money at all, in hope of making a better life for themselves. A city like Chicago offered these people jobs that required no skill. However, the working and living conditions were hazardous and the pay was barely enough to surviveRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Food Industry958 Words   |  4 PagesMikayla Peri Ms. Maxwell English III 10. Feb. 2015 Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclair, the most influential writer regarding the food industry was born in Baltimore 1879. Growing up in a poor family with an alcoholic father was difficult for Upton (Simkin, John). Upton often lived with his wealthy grandparents during his childhood due to the instability in his own home. Moving from his poor parents house to his grandparents rich house constantly made him see the injustice in the American society, thisRead MoreThe Jungle Essay example944 Words   |  4 PagesThe book, The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair had a major impact on the way the world saw the American Meat Packing Industry. While Upton Sinclair originally intended to appeal to the public’s heart concerning the conditions and the treatment of workers, it was obvious that the book had more of an impact on the meat industry. The public was outraged by the stories of waste meat being canned as wholesome meat, workers falling into vats and being processed as lard, and dead animals being processed whenRead MoreThe Rise Of The Progressive Era1418 Words   |  6 Pagescities. Furthermore, they attacked big corporations, such as the Armour meat-packing company and others, for how harsh their practices were. The progressives exposed these companies and how they treated workers, removed competitors, and set high prices. The meatpacking industry capitalized when the growth of livestock farming in the Midwest started to grow rapidly. Meatpacking companies and industries, such as the Armour meat-packing company, handle the slaughtering, processing, and distribution of animalsRead MoreUpton Sinclair: A Voice For Food Safety Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagescentered on immigrant life in the Chicago meat packing district. â€Å"The Jungle,† was written by Upton Sinclair, a 27 year old author from Baltimore under a $500 advance from a socialist newspaper. This novel soon became a focus of controversy and change within the United States. Though known more for it’s horrifi c portrayal of the conditions inside slaughterhouses, only 60 pages of the 413 pages that make up â€Å"The Jungle† detail the goings-on of the meat packing industry.Sinclair’s book was intendedRead MoreThe Food Industry From The 20th Century1674 Words   |  7 PagesThe Food Industry from the 20th to the 21st Century Throughout human history, there have always been people who step up to make a change in our world. When people encounter something they don’t like they want to change it. The author of The Jungle and the producers of Food, Inc. are no exception. During the early 20th century the meat packing industry was a filthy and cruel business. Cruel to both the people that worked in the factories and the animals that were killed there. The industry has changedRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair Student Critique1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe book The Jungle was introduced as a novel by Upton Sinclair was financed and published with his own money. Upton Sinclair was a famous novelist and social crusader from California. He was born on 20 September 1878 in Baltimore Md. He was the only child of Priscilla Harden and Upton Beall Sinclair. Upton Sinclair’s childhood was lived in poverty, one where his father was an alcoholic, his job as an alcohol salesman most likely contributed to h is disease. And although his own family was extremelyRead More Upton Sinclairs Purpose in Writing The Jungle Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesUpton Sinclairs Purpose in Writing The Jungle Upton Sinclair wrote this book for a couple of reasons. First and foremost, he tries to awaken the reader to the terrible living conditions of immigrants in the cities around the turn of the century. Chicago has the most potent examples of these conditions. Secondly, he attempts to show the advantages of socialism in helping to remedy the problems of a society such as the one that exists in Chicago at this time. Sinclair accomplishesRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1000 Words   |  4 Pagesstomach (Upton Sinclair).† Upton Sinclair originally intended to expose the horrible conditions faced by immigrants as they tried to survive in Chicago s Meat-Packing District in his 1904 novel â€Å"The Jungle.† Sinclair’s book created fear and anger in the public which would lead to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (FMIA)is a law that makes it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food, and ensures that meat and meatRead MoreMain Goals of The Progressive Movement Essay2006 Words   |  9 Pagesjournalist and novel writer named Upton Sinclair. He was most known for his book The Jungle, which became a worldwide bestseller and dramatically changed food regulation during the Progressive Era. Many people saw the results of this book as good, but they did not see the corruption it caused. Upton Si nclair’s The Jungle changed food regulation in America forever, but the effects that came about because of The Jungle were more detrimental than beneficial. Upton Beall Sinclair grew up in a poor family, always

Basic Ecological Concept Free Essays

Basic Ecological Concept Levels of Organization Cells- are composed of Cell Membrane, Nucleus and Protoplasm. Tissue-is an aggregation of cells performing a common function or functions. Organs- is the aggregation of tissues usually forming a definite shapes, and performing a definite function within an organ system. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Ecological Concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now Organ System-is a group of organs that perform coordinated functions together to keep the organism alive and functioning well. The scope of the biology includes the study of all these and may extend to the level of the organism such as behavior, and the organism mechanism for interacting with its environment. Ecology started from the study of the organism-a group of organisms that is similar in appearance, behavior and genetic make up belong to the same species. The biological species concept state that members of a species are those individual that are genetically related enough to be able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Population The group of the individuals belonging to one species and is found together in a define area at a certain time. A population possesses characteristics that more empirically describe the group such as: population Density, Dispersion, Natality, Mortality, Growth, Age Distribution, and Reproductive potential. Population Density Describe the degree of crowdedness of a population in a given area. Crude Density may be computed from the number of individuals or the total population biomass per unit space. Ecological or specific Density describes the number or biomass per unit of space that is actually available to the population. Dispersion The distribution of organisms over the space where they are found. Three pattern have been observed: clumped, random, and uniform. The clumped Distribution is the most common type of pattern since the soil or medium on which organisms are found in nature are not uniform. Random Distribution is rare in nature, occurring only where the soil is generally rich so that the plants can grow and thrive anywhere. Uniform Distribution is found in artificial cultivated areas. Natality/Morality Natality corresponds to what is termed in humans as birth rate or the number of new individuals produced in the pupolation for a period of time. Morality is known as death rate in human demographics, or the number of deaths in a given time period. Growth Is an important feature of a population since the increases or decreases of population size determines its interaction with other populations in the community and its impact on the environment. Age Distribution Is classifies the population according to age brackets or to general age groups such as prereproductive, reproductive and postreproductive. Reproductive Potential The Reproductive potential of a population is its theoretical capacity to produce the maximum number of offspring in ideal conditions. Community The community has properties that may be used to further clarify its composition and its interaction with the environment. Like species dominance, diversity, relative abundance, species richness and evenness. Dominance Is attained by a species in a community by virtue of a greater number of individuals, or by size such as the overwhelming sizes of sequoia trees, or any other attribute that enables the species to control the community. Diversity Diversity is the opposite of dominance, a case where no single species has greater number or biomass or other relative importance than other species in the community. Ecosystem The basic unit of ecology because it includes the living and nonliving components. The setting includes necessary nonliving components such as soil, water, air, and the cycles that keep and renew them, which are collectively called the biogeochemical cycles. Bioenergetics Energy is necessary for maintaining the life processes of organisms. The sun is the source of all the energy that goes into the ecosystem. The solar ystem is radiated on to the earth where a tiny fraction of it is tapped by plants and used in photosynthesis. Solar energy released in the form of light waves called photons. Herbivores are organism that feed on plants. Carnivores are organism that feed on other organism. Omnivores are organism that consume both plants and animals. Food Chain The sequence of eating and being eaten may be describe d by food chain. It also indicates the role, the feeding mode and rank of each organism. Food Web A food web shows the various possibilities of the sequence of eating and being eaten in the ecosystem. There are two major types of food webs in the ecosystem: the grazing food web is the more conspicuous type because it is usually composed of large plants and animals that are familiar. Law of Energy First law of thermodynamics stated that energy is never created nor destroyed but is transformed from one form to another. Second law of thermodynamics states that as energy is transformed it degrades or diminishes. Biogeochemical Cycles Substances that organisms need to survive are called nutrients such as water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Nutrients move through the ecosystem in cycles called biogeochemical cycles where bio refers to the living organism, geo refers to the inorganic molecules such as those found in rocks, air, and water, and chemical refers to the interactions of the elements between them. Water cycle Evaporation-the heat of the sun, or solar energy makes water vapor, which is water in gaseous form, continually rising from water bodies and from the land. Condensation-it brings water into the atmosphere where the water molecules clump together. Precipitation-the clumps get too big and too heavy, they fall back down to the earth. In the form of rain, snow, hail or sleet. Water cycle is the movements of several chemical substances through the ecosystem. Carbon cycle-During photosynthesis plants use up carbon dioxide, combining it with water to form sugars particularly glucose. Consumption of these sugars breaks them down releasing CO2. Nitrogen Cycle-Nitrogen is an important component of proteins, the building block of all living matter. Fixation- the process of converting nitrogen from the gaseous state, N2 to the usable ammonia, NH3, and nitrate NO3. Mineralization or ammonification-involve the breakdown of dead organisms and their proteins and nucleic acids are further broken down into amino acids. Nitrification-where the bacteria such as the nitosomonas use ammonia to produce their energy needs by converting it. Denitrification- is the process by which nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere. Phosphorus cycle-the sedimentary rocks which contain phosphorus in the form of the mineral apatite comprise a pool phosphorus. Phosphorus is released when these rocks weather naturally, which takes along time, or when human mines these rocks to release phosphorus which is used to fertilizers soap. Sulfur cycle- a basically sedimentary nutrients cycles through air, soil and water. The sulfur cycle involves the three spheres as it cycle through the soil, waterway, and atmosphere. It originates from the crust and mantle of the earth and is spewed out during volcanic eruptions. It is found in the volcanic rocks and many minerals. Limiting Factors and the Law of Tolerance Law of the Minimum- states that when there is not enough of a certain nutrient in the environment, the growth of organism that needs that nutrient will be severely limited. Studies also show that too much of any nutrient will likewise limit growth, giving rise to the Law of limiting Factors. Sunlight and Temperature are two important physical factors that limit the distribution and abundance of organism. Species Interactions The population of two species may positively or negatively affect the existence of one another in the community. Mutualism- refers to the interaction between two species where both are benefited. Competition- is an example of a positive negative interaction when two species of the same species strive to obtain the same limited resource. Predation- is an example of a positive negative interaction wherein the predator eats the prey. Parasitism- is another type of positive negative interaction wherein the hosts provide nourishment to the parasite. Commensalism- is a form of positive zero interaction wherein in the commensal also referred to as hitchhiker attaches itself to the host while the host is neither help nor harmed by the interaction. Amensalism- is an example of a negative zero interaction wherein one organism is inhibited while the other is not affected. How to cite Basic Ecological Concept, Essay examples

The Impact Of Technology On Marketing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss aboutt the Impact Of Technology On Marketing Research. Answer: Introduction From accessing emails to making edits of presentations in business, technology has improved how our days go by and the business environment. Furthermore, marketing research has received tremendous boost from technology. Technological advancements have constantly helped the business environment to become increasingly agile and efficient. In the purview of marketing research, technology has sprung up newer opportunities for getting useful intelligence in the business environment ( Kova Salai, 2014). Despite this premise, technology also carries along some hurdles just like any other form of invention. The most important thing is to focus on the benefits of this noble factor that everyone strives to harness its fruits for the better. In most aspects, technology has made the work of market researchers as well as the process of marketing research per se easier. Even so, there are some mistakes which need to be avoided and researchers must tread with preternatural circumspection. As such, there are many ways that technology is of benefit to marketing research, a factor that draws the focus of this discourse. Discourse Technology has permitted market research companies to establish platforms that are on a self-service basis in which customers foster their own micro-surveys that are short (Zikmund Babin, 2015). This is one of the reasons that ResMarket Pty needs to consider as a research market firm because technology is inevitable. Additionally, technology has fostered agility in the field of market research. Market research that is agile, as an approach, draws its inspiration from the development of agile software that prioritizes; many smaller experiments against fewer but larger bets, data and testing over conventions and opinions, rapid reiterations over campaigns that are of a big-bang, and the response to a change-over after establishing a plan. The real power for a business in the contemporary world is the ability to embrace agility; and adopt what is quickly happening around the very business. These businesses require actionable and relevant data, and comprehend approaches that catapults t hem along pivots that are quicker (Attih, 2014). Technology has established the premise of creating new roles in research. Improvements in technology, undoubtedly, needs new skills. In particular cases, there will be the need to create newer roles that have specialized in the areas that technology has established (Smith Albaum, 2014). As the customers engage with mobile-device multitasking and the entire world, departments in organizations have no choice but to adapt to the changes in behavior and make some strategies to suit them. Therefore, whether a firm embraces technology or not, its customers are constantly embracing it and competition mainly lies in the use of this technology. When a competitor, for example, employs a newer technology as soon as it always shows up, customers tend to shift their allegiance to their products. Again, the creation of new roles is meant to ensure that information that is obtained from mobile devices and social media is uncannily translated in an efficient and effective manner for the benefit of the firm (Attih, 2014). For instance, the analytical CPO is mandated to utilize an approach that is data-driven to make decisions in business. Even though there is room for a judgment based on instincts, the mandate must always depend on the advanced analysis to recommend the best course of action for the firm under help. Social media has extensively lent a hand in promoting market research. Facebook, LinkedIn, Google Plus and Twitter have widened the purview in which marketing research is undertaken. There are many exciting newer ways through which social media is improving market research. Furthermore, it has incorporated a skill that was never adopted before (Zikmund Babin, 2015). The environment that social media has created possesses feedback that has never been filtered before and the true feeling of the clients about a firm and its products or services can be accessed here. Furthermore, this platform is the best for the management of the reputation and promoting the awareness of a brand ( Kova Salai, 2014). Therefore, market researchers can utilize the capabilities that are above board and inherently exist in the social media. When firms learn to master the abilities of social media in market research, their knowledge about the targeted markets shall be enhanced as well ( Kova Salai, 2014). Technology has promoted the ability of firms to analyze data. With a huge amount of data streaming for collection, technology is desperately needed to analyze this information because this stage is the most critical in making sense of the data (Smith Albaum, 2014). In this regard, technology has been instrumental in making the analytics of data easier but sophisticated at the same time. When the analysis of data is above board, that information can be relayed into the establishment of a better management of the customer relationship ( Kova Salai, 2014). For instance, the mobile bigwig, O2, utilizes improved and advanced analytics to foster the retention of customers and maintain loyalty that is long term. The importance is placed on a clearly defined KPIs with improved data, the choices available will enable one to be in a proper position to establish the next steps which are the best for the firm. In a simple way, the huge amounts of information that is received from offline as we ll as online platforms gives market researchers a huge pool to analyze and develop accurate strategies (Zikmund Babin, 2015). Moreover, there is need to go through the information and develop the best one available for the firm and discard the irrelevant one. This is only possible with technology. Most importantly, the researcher shall be aware that his/her work is based on a warehouse of solid data. Conclusion Market research is a field that heavily needs technology than the vice versa. Technology has heavily contributed to the way of approaching market research incorporating evolved solutions to data and advanced capabilities. At this point in time, no market research firm is excused to partake in this process and I recommend ResMarket Pty to equally embrace technology. In the end, it all lies in the fact that customers need to be known better and technology is making this possible. Some of the ways includes; heavy utilization of social media by customers, improvements in the collection of data, establishment of new roles in research, and creation of self-service platforms that enhance engagement freedom by customers and other parties. References Kova, R. Salai, S., 2014. Marketing Research in the Contemporary Consumer Environment. Management Information Systems Journal, Volume 6, pp. 16-22. Attih, O., 2014. THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN MARKETING RESEARCH IN NIGERIA. Marketing Research Journal, p. 47. Smith, S. Albaum, G., 2014. An Introduction To MArketing Research. New Mexico: Qualtrics. Zikmund, W. Babin, B., 2015. Essentials of Marketing Research. 4th ed. Ontario: Cengage Publishers.

Euthanasia Essay Research Paper 2 free essay sample

Euthanasia Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Should euthanasia be legalised? What is your place on this inquiry? Argue your instance. The inquiry of whether or non to legalize mercy killing is non a modern 1. Throughout the ages at that place has been much argument over the legalization of mercy killing in Australia and throughout the universe. People # 8217 ; s sentiments are everlastingly altering, and 78 % of Australians now believe that mercy killing should be legalised. Euthanasia allows people to hold # 8216 ; a good decease # 8217 ; and quality of life, it besides allows for people to be treated with self-respect. Legalisation will convey the practise of mercy killing out in the unfastened. There should nevertheless be rigorous guidelines that need to be followed, such as those in topographic point in Holland. Euthanasia should be legalised as terminally sick and helpless people have the right to take when and how they die. The word mercy killing comes from the Greek words # 8216 ; eu # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; thanatos # 8217 ; , which mean # 8216 ; a good decease # 8217 ; . We will write a custom essay sample on Euthanasia Essay Research Paper 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many people who would profit from # 8216 ; a good decease # 8217 ; and the lone manner that this can be achieved is through the legalization of mercy killing. Sometimes being alive is non plenty, the quality of life has to be considered. What kind of life is being in torment or unable to travel any portion of your organic structure. In # 8216 ; Willing to listen, Desiring to decease # 8217 ; the narrative of 22 twelvemonth old Cornelius Hus is told. After going a quadriplegic in a bike accident, he lost control of his organic structure maps and could non make anything for himself, non even brush away a fly. Cornelius had to trust on person else to make everything for him. He did non desire to # 8216 ; a caput in a chair # 8217 ; and whilst in rehabilitation he invariably asked for a deadly injection. As this was illegal he had to happen another manner to stop the agony. Ultimately his best friend heeded his supplications and shooting him, the friend so shot himself. This would non hold happened had euthanasia been legal and an option. Quality of life does non add up to the measure of life. There has to be self-respect in life every bit good as self-respect in decease, a good decease. This is something Cornelius did non hold. Peoples need to be able to take to decease with self-respect. If an animate being is in hurting the humane thing to make is to set it to kip, yet worlds are made to endure. There is one thing that all life things have in common, decease. It is natural to trust that when the clip comes, that decease will be peaceable, without drawn-out agony. At present this hope is non realised by some people, they are condemned to endure hurting, torment and dependance on others before they die. They have to endure mental and physical hurt as they have no hope of deceasing a dignified decease. The legalization of mercy killing would alter this and offer hope of alleviation to those who wish to hold entree to an assisted O R induced decease. This would give them a quick, peaceable and dignified manner of stoping their life. This would besides convey aided deceases out into the unfastened unlike the present ‘behind closed doors’ attack. At nowadays, throughout the universe, physicians. nurses, relations and friends help people to decease with self-respect every twenty-four hours. They do this although they know it is illegal, these people run the hazard of imprisonment to assist their loved 1s do something that should be a right. Euthanasia is practised every twenty-four hours in infirmaries when intervention is withdrawn that would protract a individuals life. For illustration, in 1989 Baby M died in Melbourne 12 yearss after being born enduring from spina bifida and epilepsy. All life protracting medical intervention was withdrawn from this babe and merely basic nutrient and hurting alleviation given, had intense medical intercession been used this babe may hold lived some kind of life, all be it limited. The determination was made non to protract this babes enduring, what was the difference between this agony and that of Cornelius Hus? Baby M was allowed to decease with self-respect, all be it assisted by physici ans, whereas Cornelius was shot in the caput by a loving friend, a decease with no self-respect whatsoever. Rather than being performed in secret behind closed doors, mercy killing must be legalised to do it available to those in demand. For people sing euthanasia their wish can come true right now, they merely need to travel to Holland. Under new Dutch Torahs, physicians who commit mercy killings are granted unsusceptibility every bit long as they have followed the guidelines that are in topographic point. These include things such as the patient # 8217 ; s bespeak being voluntary, they face unrelenting or intolerable agony and they have been informed of the options or chances. There must be two physicians consulted and they both must hold that the guidelines have been met. When these guidelines are met mercy killing can happen. Guidelines are of import to guarantee that mercy killing is used by those who need it most. Helping person to decease is non a determination that is taken lightly. When person is terminally sick or incapacitated it is non a pick between life and decease, it is a pick between two types of decease. One that is dignified and peaceable compered to one of agony and torture. Euthanasia should be legalised, with guidelines, so that terminally sick and helpless people have an avenue to pick when and how they die. Bibliography Pp23-25, Robert Gott and Richard Linden, No Easy Way Out, CIS Publishers, Carlton, 1993. Pp 83-93, Helga Kuhse, Willing to listen, Desiring to decease, Penguin Books, Ringwood, 1994. Pp 60-107, Gary E. McCuen, Doctor Assisted Suicide and the Euthanasia Movement, Gary E.McCuen Publications, Wisconsin, 1994.

Using Questions to Refocus or Adjust Lessons

Using Questions to Refocus or Adjust Lessons One of the most important responsibilities for a teacher is the planning of instruction. Planning instruction provides direction, provides assessment guidelines, and  conveys instructional intent to students and supervisors. Planned instruction for grades 7-12 in any academic discipline,  however, is met with everyday challenges. There are distractions within the classroom (cell phones,   classroom management  behavior, bathroom breaks) as well as the  external distractions  Ã‚  (PA announcements, outside noises, fire drills) that often interrupt lessons.   When the unexpected happens,  even the best planned lessons or most organized  plan  books  can derail.   Over the course of a unit or a semester, distractions can cause a teacher to lose sight of the goal(s) of a course.   So, what tools can  a secondary teacher use to get back on track?   To counter the many different interruptions in  the execution of lesson plans, teachers need to keep in mind three (3) simple questions that are at the heart of instruction: What thing(s) will the students be able to do when they leave the classroom?How will  I  know the students will be able to do what was taught?What tools or items  are needed for me to accomplish the task(s)? ​These questions can be made into a template to use as a planning tool and  added as an appendix to lesson plans. Instructional Planning in Secondary Classrooms These three (3) questions can also help secondary teachers to be flexible, since teachers may find they may have to modify lesson plans in real time for a specific course period by period. There may be different academic levels of students or multiple courses within a particular discipline; a math teacher, for example, may teach advanced calculus, regular calculus, and statistics sections in one day. Planning for daily instruction also  means that a teacher, regardless of content, is required  to differentiate or  tailor instruction to meet individual student needs. This differentiation  recognizes the variance among learners in the classroom. Teachers use differentiation when they account for student readiness, student interest, or  student learning styles. Teachers can differentiate the academic content, the activities associated with the content, the assessments or end products, or the approach (formal, informal) to the content. Teachers in grades 7-12 also need to account for any number of possible variations in a daily schedule. There may be advisory periods, guidance visits, field trips/internships, etc. Student attendance can also mean a variation in plans for individual students. The pace of an activity can be thrown off with one or more interruptions, so even the  best lesson plans need to account for these minor changes. In some cases, a lesson plan may need an  on the spot change or maybe even a complete rewrite! Because of differentiation or variations to schedules that mean real time adjustments, teachers need to have a quick planning tool that they can use to help adjust and refocus a lesson.  This set of three questions (above) can to help teachers at minimum the means to check to see they are still delivering instruction effectively. Use Questions to Refocus Daily Plans A teacher who uses the three questions (above) either as a daily planning tool or as a tool for adjustment may also need some additional follow-up questions.   When time is removed from an already tight class schedule, a teacher can choose some of the options listed beneath each question in order to salvage any pre-planned instruction. Moreover, any content area teacher can use this template as a tool to make adjustments to a lesson plan-even one that is partially delivered- by adding the following questions: What thing(s) will the students still be able to do when they leave the classroom today? If this was planned as an introductory lesson, what will students be able to explain what was taught with assistance?  If this was planned as an ongoing lesson, or a lesson in a series,  what will students be able to explain independently?  If this was planned as a  review lesson,   what will students be able to explain to others? How will  I  know the students will be able to do what was taught today? Can I still use a  question/answer session at the end of class where I check comprehension?Can I still use an exit slip quiz question with days lesson content or problem to receive feedback from students?Can I still assess through a homework assignment that is due the following day? What tools or items  are needed for me to accomplish the task(s) today? What necessary texts are still available for this lesson   and how do I still make these available for students? (textbooks, trade books, digital links, handouts)What necessary tools are still available to present the information? (whiteboard, Powerpoint, SmartBoard, projection and/or software platform)What other resources (websites, recommended reading, instructional videos, review/practice software) can I still provide to students as support for what I am teaching?What kinds of communication (assignment posts, reminders) can I still leave for students to keep pace with the lesson?If something goes wrong with the tools or items needed, what backups do I have? Teachers can use the three questions and their follow-up questions  in order to develop, to adjust, or to   refocus their lesson plans on just what is important for that particular day. While some teachers may find the use this set of questions particularly useful every day, others might use these questions infrequently.

Consumer Behavior Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Consumer Behavior Analysis - Essay Example The first and foremost thing, of course, is to do market fragmentation; it is a necessary early step while making a marketing plan. To know who the product is for is probably the most important factor to determine before any anything. Another vital factor is to develop the need recognition of the product in the customers’ eye. It is the psychology of humans to recognize something as ‘need’ or ‘want’ before a purchase. Even if it is a ‘want’, the desire to experience it in order to feel better is often subconsciously camouflaged as a ‘need’ as well. This is also referred to as customer’s value perception of the product. (Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G., 1991). Hence, the products should be marketed in a way that the consumers can recognize and acknowledge the need of those items for themselves. It is important to identify what benefit and value are the customers deriving from the products vis-Ã  -vis what the products are offering. For the advertising campaign of the product line, the main proposition can be protection against the harshness of outdoor lifestyle. This proposition creates much value for males considering a common man’s outdoor routine and sun and dust exposure to the skin. Since the product line is only chosen for men, the marketing strategy needs to revolve around the lifestyle of men. This means that the outdoor roughness and rugged routines for men need to be utilized as key factors during marketing. Moreover, the target market of the personal care product line is bracketed for young males who are aged from 18-35. Considering these factors as framework, it is important to distribute focus on each product according to their specific offerings. For instance, the hair-styling gel needs to address its firm nature, wet look, allowing young males to use the gel for any hairstyle - from causal to formal. The face wash and shampoo will address their own offerings, while staying in the same age group of 18-35, along with a

Business Performance of Specsavers Research Paper

Business Performance of Specsavers - Research Paper Example On the marketing front, Specsavers pioneered a slew of industry standards. For example, it was the first company to start a debt scheme for contact lenses along with free home delivery. This initiative changed the way a customer financed her eye care purchases. Specsavers’ advertising campaigns were perfectly designed to strongly communicate the special features offered by Specsavers. The â€Å"Should've has gone to Specsavers† campaign reinforced the superior services offered by Specsavers. One of the most important USPs of Specsavers was its great value-for-money positioning. Due to economies of scale, it could negotiate better prices with its vendors, and then passed on savings to its customers. Specsavers offered 2 for 1 glass at  £75, an offer that has been very successful. Specsavers also targeted market niches by offering special pricing for its products/services. For example, Senior citizens (over 60 years) were offered a massive 30% discount on glasses. However, the most revolutionary innovation was on the products/services domain. Prior to the arrival of Specsavers, this industry was served by small chains or independent opticians. While these chains offered low-cost services, there was an enormous room for improvement in their services. Those providing high-quality services were costlier & often charged a high premium. Specsavers’ new partnership model brought together for the first time, the best practices of retailing & service delivery concepts along with the best available opticians, but at a much competitive price. While Specsavers offered their partners a range of business support services like accounting, marketing etc, the frontline opticians were free to do what they did the best. The opticians, hence, could concentrate on delivering their best services to the consumers. On the product front, they  pioneered innovations like offering varifocal glasses. Specsavers offered the option of returning ‘varifocal’ glasses (some people take time to adjust to these) within a period of 30 days from purchase.

The Environmental Effects Of Drought Environmental Sciences Essay

The Environmental Effects Of Drought Environmental Sciences Essay Drought is a normal part of climatic conditions; extreme climatic events, often described as a natural hazard (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009). Drought has long been recognized as one of the most dangerous causes of human misery. It has today the unfortunate distinction of being the natural disaster that annually claims the most victims. Its ability to cause widespread misery is actually increasing day by day. Drought differs from other natural disasters in its slowness of onset and its commonly lengthy duration. The severity of the drought depends upon its duration, the degree of moisture deficiency, and the size of the affected area. Drought is a hazard that requires many months to emerge and that may persist for many months or years thereafter. This type of hazard is known as a creeping hazard (Coppola, 2007). It is difficult to provide a precise and universally accepted definition of drought due to its varying characteristics, impacts, across the different regions of the world, such as rainfall pattern, human response and resilience and diverse academic perspectives (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009). In general, drought is an insidious natural hazard that results from a departure of precipitation from expected or normal that, when extended over a season or longer period of time, is insufficient to meet the demands of human, plant and animal activities ( A Primer for parliamentarians, NDMD). In the literature, drought has been classified into four categories in terms of impact: Meteorological Drought Meteorological drought is defined as the deficiency of precipitation from expected or normal levels over an extended period of time. Meteorological drought usually precedes other kinds of drought. Meteorological drought is said to occur when the seasonal rainfall received over an area is less than 25% of its long term average value. Its further classified as a moderate drought if the rainfall deficit is 26-50% and severe drought when the deficit exceeds 50% of the normal. The following examples of meteorologic droughts from different countries at different times show why it is a poor idea to apply a definition of drought developed in one part of the world to another: United States (1942): less than one tenth inch of rainfall in 48 hours Great Britain (1936): fifteen consecutive days with daily precipitation totals of less than one hundredth of an inch Libya (1964): when annual rainfall is less than 7 inches India (1960): actual seasonal rainfall is deficient by more than twice the mean deviation Bali (1964): a period of six days without rain. (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1998) Under any circumstances, meteorological measurements are the first indicators of drought. Agricultural Drought Agricultural drought, usually triggered by meteorological and hydrological droughts, occurs when soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate during the crop growing season causing extreme crop stress and wilting. Plant water demand depends on prevailing weather conditions, biological characteristics of the specific plant, its stage of growth and the physical and biological properties of the soil. Agriculture is usually the first economic sector to be affected by drought (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1998). Hydrological Drought Hydrological drought refers to deficiencies in surface and subsurface water supplies. It is measured as stream flow, and as lake, reservoir and ground water levels. There is a time lag between lack of rain and less water in streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, so hydrological measurements are not the earliest indicators of drought. When precipitation is reduced or deficient over an extended period of time, this shortage will be reflected in declining surface and subsurface water levels (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1998). Socioeconomic Drought Socioeconomic drought is what happens when physical water shortage starts to affect people, individually and collectively. Or, in more abstract terms, most socioeconomic definitions of drought associate it with the supply and demand of an economic good (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1998). Drought in India Drought gas a serious problem for India, and it has affected many part of the country intermittently. Certain regions of the country identified to be drought-prone. Increased climate variability has made rainfall pattern more inconsistent and unpredictable in the country increasing the recurrence of drought or drought like situation. A deficiency of rainfall causes depletion of both surface and ground water levels and adversely affects agricultural operations. In India, around 68% of the country is prone to drought in varying degrees. Of the entire area, 35% of the area, which receives rainfall between 750 mm and 1,125 mm, is considered drought-prone, while another 33%, which receives less than 750 mm of rainfall, is called chronically drought-prone. A further classification of Indias regions into arid (19.6%), semi-arid (37%), and sub-humid areas (21%) has been dealing with geographical spread of drought (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009). In India, the occurrence and conditions of drought are influenced by a number of factors. Rainfall and cropping patterns are different across many geographical regions. It is not just the deficiency of the rainfall, but also the uneven distribution of rainfall across the season, duration of rainfall deficiency and its impact on different regions of the country that characterize drought conditions. Even though India receives abundant rain as a whole, disparity in its distribution over different parts of the country is so great that some parts suffer from perennial dryness. In other parts, however the rainfall is so excessive that only a small fraction can be utilized. Around 33% of the cropped area in the country receives less than 750 mm rain annually making such areas as hotspots of drought. Impacts of Drought Drought produces wide ranging impacts that span many sectors of the country. Drought has both direct and indirect impacts. One of the sectors where the direct impact of drought felt is agriculture. With the increased intensity or extended duration of drought prevalence, a significant fall in food production is noticed. The drought not only affects the food production at the farm level but also the national economy and the overall food security as well. Other direct impacts includes: depleted water levels, deficit in ground water recharge, land degradation, and damage to wildlife and fish habits. When direct impacts have multiplier effects through the economy and society, they are referred to as indirect impacts. These include a reduction in agricultural production that may result in reduced income for farmers and agribusiness, increased prices for food and timber, unemployment, reduced purchasing capacity and demand for consumption, default on agricultural loans, rural unrest, and re duction in agricultural employment leading to migration and drought relief programmes. The impacts of drought are classified as economic, environmental, and social. Economic Impacts Economic impacts refer to production losses in agriculture and related sectors, especially forestry and fisheries, because these sectors rely on surface and subsurface water supplies. It causes a loss of income and purchasing power, particularly among farmers and rural population dependent on agriculture. All industries dependent upon the primary sector for their raw materials would suffer losses due to reduced supply or increased prices. Drought thus has a multiplier effect throughout the economy, which has a dampening impact on employment, flow of credit and tax collections. If the drought is countrywide, macroeconomic indicators at the national level are adversely impacted. (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009) Environmental impacts Environmental impacts, such as lower water levels in reservoirs, lakes and ponds as well as reduced flows from springs and streams would reduce the availability of feed and drinking water and adversely affect fish and wildlife habitat. It may also cause loss of forest cover, migration of wildlife and their greater mortality due to increased contact with agricultural producers as animals seek food from farms and producers are less tolerant of the intrusion. A prolonged drought may also result in increased stress among endangered species and cause loss of biodiversity. Reduced stream flow and loss of wetlands may cause changes in the levels of salinity. Increased groundwater depletion, land subsidence, and reduced recharge may damage aquifers and adversely affect the quality of water (e.g., salt concentration, increased water temperature, acidity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity). The degradation of landscape quality, including increased soil erosion, may lead to a more permanent loss of biological productivity of the landscape (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009). Social impacts Social impacts arise from lack of income causing out migration of the population from the drought-affected areas. People in India seek to cope with drought in several ways which affect their sense of well-being: they withdraw their children from schools, postpone daughters marriages, and sell their assets such as land or cattle. In addition to economic hardships, it causes a loss of social status and dignity, which people find hard to accept. Inadequate food intake may lead to malnutrition, and in some extreme cases, cause starvation. Access and use of scarce water resources generate situations of conflict, which could be socially very disruptive. Inequities in the distribution of drought impacts and relief may exacerbate these social tensions further. (Dept. of Agriculture and cooperation, 2009) Drought in Kerala Drought in Palakkad The Palakkad district of Kerala State is the land of paddy fields and palmyrahs. It is considered as one of the rice bowls of the State.

Learning via observation

Abravanel and Gingold (1985) conducted a study on learning specifically on deferred imitation and immediate imitation. Its review of previous studies conducted on learning revealed that a child at the second year of life shows evidence of deferred imitation, which is imitation of modeled behavior after an interval where other events have intervened between modeling and reproduction of behavior. Classes of object/action combinations used in the current study were taken from the study by McCall, Parke and Kavanaugh (as qtd by Abravanel & Gingold, 1985). The current study however further classified these classes of actions with objects into three: simple/single actions, reiterative actions and sequentially coordinated actions.Simple/single actions required demonstration of one behavior. Tasks measuring this were the Barrels where the child had to reveal contents of the large barrel by separating it into halves, and the Doll and crown, where the child has to put the crown on the bald-hea ded wooden doll. Reiterative actions were simple actions that had to be repeated several times. Tasks for this include the Spacemen, where the child is expected to produce vertical column of five spacemen toys in a feet-to-head order, the Blocks, where the child had to stack the cube block, disc block and pyramid block in that order, and Screwtoy, where the child had to turn the screwnut counterclockwise until it is free of the screw. Sequentially coordinated action tasks require two or more actions that differ from each other but have to be performed in some specific order.Tasks for this include the Cylinder and doll, where the child has to insert a drumstick into a cylinder and push the doll out to let it fall into the table, and the Xylophone, where the child was expected to lose one tube from the base of the xylophone and strike each of the other two metallic pieces.The study was conducted to children aged 12 months (12 ~ 13 months), and 18 months (18 ~ 19 months). There were 42 girls and 40 boys aged 12 months and 45 girls and 40 boys aged 18 months. These children were randomly grouped into two: the treatment group, where children were able to see a model perform a task, and the control group, where the children did not have models to imitate from. Having a control group was hoped to take into account the children’s familiarity to the materials, task and examiner.Both groups follow four phases in every task: 1) Pre-test, where the child was presented with all of the materials for the task and allowed to handle them for 60 seconds. 2) Modeling followed where the treatment groups saw the target actions modeled twice, while the control group did not see any models but allowed to handle the materials for another 10 seconds. Each child had to accumulate four tasks from the seven possible tasks. The child then had an interpolated interval of 10 minutes, where he/she was free to do anything. This time gap was necessary to emphasize on the deferred imitat ion. 3) Post-test followed, where the child was presented with the materials of a task he/she had taken previously and targeted or expected actions had to be demonstrated within 60 seconds.Responses were recorded and the next materials of second, third and fourth tasks were presented separately. 4) Immediate imitation follows right after post-test when it is clear that the child have not achieved the targeted actions of a particular task. The experimenter models again the targeted action and the child was given 60 seconds to reproduce the action. The third step looked into the deferred imitation while the fourth step looked into immediate imitation.Scores were ranged from zero, where the child did nothing but look at the materials, to six, where the child successfully reproduced the targeted actions. However, scoring was reclassified were score zero to four was rescored as zero and score five to six were rescored as one. Data was analyzed using three-factor analyses of variance (Age X Sex X Treatment Condition). The study seeks to answer whether performance of the three classes of actions (i.e., simple/singe, reiterative and sequential coordinated) in deferential imitation and immediate imitation were the same for 12-month old and 18-month old children and treatment and control groups. The researcher hypothesizes that the 12-months old children would succeed in deferred imitation of simple/single actions and the 18-months old children would succeed in both reiterative and sequentially coordinated tasks.Analysis on the deferred imitation found that in performing simple/single action and reiterative action tasks, the 18-months old produced the targeted actions significantly higher than the 12-month olds. In performing sequentially coordinated tasks, the 18-months old had greater number of targeted actions over the 12-months old on Cylinder and doll task, but equally on the Xylophone task. The treatment group had greater number of targeted actions over the contro l group in performing simple/single action tasks, in performing the two of the reiterative action tasks: Spacemen and Screwtoy   (but not the Blocks), as well as the Cylinder and doll tasks (but not the xylophone task) of the sequentially coordinated tasks. Interaction effect of age and treatment condition in performing the three classes of action tasks showed that the 18-months old had greater modeling effect. Further, there was no difference between girls and boys in the number of actions tasks successfully performed.Immediate imitation was done for children who have not successfully accomplished the tasks on the third phase. More children from the control group were subjected to this analysis understandably because they had no models to imitate and learn from on how to achieve successfully the tasks subjected to them. Immediate imitation and deferred imitation were not analyzed as scoring for both sets were different. Analysis of immediate imitation data revealed that 18-year o ld had greater number of targeted actions over the 12-months old children. Less than 50% of the 12-month old children passed the tasks compared to more than 50% of the 18-month olds passed the tasks. More than 50% of the 18-month olds however find Spacemen and screwtoy tasks difficult to perform in immediate imitation.Approximate deferred imitation was further done where the reiterative and sequentially coordinated actions considered lower forms of imitations and where such forms somehow were equivalent to simple/single action level. The 18-month old children significantly had higher performance in post-tests reiterative tasks and Cylinder and doll task of the sequentially coordinated actions. Interaction between age and treatment conditions showed that at 18-months, treatment group achieved the Spaceman task, screwtoy task, Cylinder and doll task, but not on block task and xylophone tasks. At 12 months, treatment group achieved Spacemen task and Xylophone task but not the Screwtoy, Blocks, Cylinder and doll tasks.The study concluded that there are developmental differences achieved in learning between ages 12-months and 18-months, through imitation, whether through immediate or delayed information. The hypotheses of the research were not supported by the results as only few of the 12-month olds demonstrated complete deferred imitation on simple/single actions and less than 50% of the 18-month olds were fully successful with the three action tasks. It further concluded that the children’s performance in both deferred imitation and immediate imitation were the same by comparing treatment and control groups for immediate imitation analysis. The research further confirmed the study conducted by McCall et all. that 18-months old have internalized action sequences and means-ends relations although the current research acknowledged that spatial and serial properties of actions were difficult for these children. The researcher explained about the children†™s possible difficulty of recalling order for the Blocks task. It finally concludes that imitative ability is a developmental phase by the start of the second year of a child and fluency to make observational learning and deferred imitation during the second year.Analysis on the ArticleThe use of a control group in the study was not necessary. McCall et al, whom the researchers referred to in their study, did not employ control group. The researchers themselves have recognized that imitation and observation learning were facts of human functioning. Thus, learning the tasks as demonstrated by reproducing the targeted actions were better when somebody models how the task was to be accomplished than when children were left to find out for themselves how to accomplish the task.The analysis done on deferred imitation for the control group was subjecting the children in a problem-solving task by their own rather than learning via observation. The employ of control group sidetracked the researcher from the objective of establishing learning through observation in this group, precisely because the subjects in this group did not use observation in learning the tasks. All the control group did was to establish that indeed the use of models significantly facilitated accomplishment of the tasks. This was rather not necessary as previous researches have already established this.The use of control group in the analysis has rather made confusing interpretations and conclusions on the study. Such was done when the researcher made a conclusion on the immediate imitation by comparing the control and the treatment group that deferred imitation had no particular advantage over immediate imitation (p. 621, paragraph 2). This was rather an erroneous conclusion since control group cannot represent immediate imitation nor deferred imitation in any way. The researchers themselves have acknowledged that immediate imitation and deferred imitation cannot be analyzed because of the diff erential scoring used by the two sets of data but a conclusions made was to infer on this.The representational materials used in this study were carefully selected so that the objects give the platform by which actions (i.e, simple/single, reiterative, sequential coordinated) can be elicited. When disparity in the results existed for reiterative tasks (i.e., Spacemen, blocks and screwtoy) and sequential coordinated tasks (Cylinder and doll, and xylophone), the researchers have attributed this to difficulty in recall (p. 621, paragraph 1) for the Block task and spontaneous performance (p. 620, paragraph 1) for Xylophone task.The Block task was a measure for reiterative action and which was to be accomplished by the child by stacking the cube block, disc block and pyramid block on each other on that specific order. The child, in this task, was not however required only to do a simple action repeated more than once (i.e., reiterative) but also required to demonstrate memory recall on h ow the order of the blocks should be. This requirement was different from the other reiterative tasks (i.e., Spacemen and Screwtoy) where the targeted action was essentially repetitive ones and did not require some recall of order of how things should be arranged, which was the case for the Block task.This additional requirement for Block task made it in disparity of results with the other reiterative tasks. Block task, in order to elicit only one requirement, which is to demonstrate singular repetitive action, should have used same-shaped blocks. This takes away the requirement for a recall of certain order of blocks, which was rather not a concern of this particular study. It is therefore suggested that the Block task be modified by using the same-shaped blocks or this is taken out all together as there were already two reiterative actions tasks, which were Spacemen and Screwtoy tasks.The disparity in the results of sequential coordinated action tasks, which are the Cylinder and d oll task and Xylophone task, was attributed to spontaneous performance. The Xylophone task involved removing one tube loosely attached to the base of the xylophone and striking each of the other two metallic pieces. The researcher’s explanation on spontaneous performance of the Xylophone task implies on the novelty of the task. Making the task as novel as possible was necessary in order to seclude memory recall on possible actions done outside the experiment. If the child have already played xylophone, his/her demonstration of the task may have been a direct recall of how he played a similar toy.A recall on actions outside the experiment would mean lack of control of extraneous variable. To keep extraneous variable to enter into the experiment, the tasks formulated should be novel as possible for the children. Spontaneous performance on Xylophone task as demonstrated by the control group was evidence to this (p. 620, paragraph 1). This explanation by the researcher was rather acceptable, but it should have been suggested that Xylophone task was removed as a measure for sequential coordinated action task in the future study, and suggested to be replaced by another task.Analysis on approximate deferred imitation was not necessary nor called for in the study. The study implied only on differential imitation and immediate imitation to answer the research question. Analysis done on this only confused interpretations and results relative to this were not incorporated nor integrated in the discussions or in the conclusions. The results derived from this analysis were like a free agent that was left to float, without particular beginning, that is, it was not part of the research question, or an end, since it was not integrated in the conclusions. Such kind of analysis should have been left out.Essentially, the research has done well in proving that the children in the second year of their life were advancing in their learning through imitation, whether deferred or immediate. It contributed to the theoretical base for developmental psychology by establishing that imitative ability starts at the second year of a child’s life and continues to develop as the child advances in age towards the end of its second year. The finding that modeling contributes to learning was not novel but was rather reiteratively established from previous studies and researches (p. 614, paragraph 1).If a replicate of the study has to be done, the use of control group, which is not to employ models, is suggested to be deleted. The use of Block task should utilize same-shaped blocks (i.e., three cubes or three discs or three pyramids). The Xylophone task should also be replaced by another sequential coordinated action that requires a novel task or introduces a novel material. Suggested tasks would be: Doll and little umbrella, where the targeted action is for the child to place the plastic doll in a sitting position on a table, to open a little umbrella and to place the umbrella beside the doll.This task required three sequential actions: placing doll  ® opening umbrella  ® placing umbrella. Doll on bucket, where the targeted action is for the child to position the bucket upside down and to put a plastic doll on a sitting position on the bucket. This task required three sequential actions: positioning the bucket  ® placing the doll. The principle is therefore clear, that the task should be novel as possible and requiring at least two different actions done in some particular order.ReferencesAbravanel, E. & Gingold, H. (1985). Learning via observation during the second year of life. Developmental Psychology, 21 (4), 614-623.

List questions Case Studies Essay

Overview and Objectives: The case traces the path taken by an overseas operation from low cost manufacturing to higher value-added activities such as R&D. It asks students to consider the factors driving the evolution and this timing and circumstances that would make it successful. It creates the opportunity to discuss the tensions of designing for marketing vs. designing for manufacturing, the challenges of product development in a cross cultural setting, and the reasons why localized R&D may be successful. vs. adaptation, and the structures and systems built to manage that tension. The case also helps to the diagnosis of the causes of failure of a new product development project, and the sources of challenges of a cross-cultural context. Finally, the case enables students to discuss the â€Å"local for local† strategy. Suggested Questions: 1. What capabilities and resources does a company need to develop new products? 2. Which of these capabilities and resources foes Bella Healthcare India have? 3. Why did Project Baton fail? 4. Should Bella Healthcare India take on project TKO and develop an EKG specifically for the local market? Coloplast 10 years of global operations Ivey 2011 # W12101 STRAT MAGT – Internationalization and offshoring activities; matrix structure UD: 12/12/2012 Overview and Objectives: The case examines the organizational and managerial challenges involved in offshoring and internationalizing substantial portions of firms’ organizational activities to foreign countries. Students will need to consider the learning journey Coloplast underwent in this process, from managing the reconfiguration to the implementation of a new and complex design. They have to understand the features and challenges of the matrix form as the organizational structure used by Coloplast. The case covers three topics: offshoring and international business; international corporate strategy; organizational design and learning. Suggested Questions: 1. What are the strategic challenges of reconfiguring a company like Coloplast in which it transforms from a company with only domestically located activities to have offshored most of its production to a number of foreign locations? 2. Discuss the problematic introduction of the matrix structure. Why can matrix structures be problematic in large organizations? What could have made the matrix structure more successful? 3. The case illustrates how Coloplast reconfigured its organization from being only domestically located to become truly multinational. What are the organizational consequences of reconfiguring the company on a global scale? 4. Coloplast went through an extensive learning journey since the decision to offshore production facilities. Which key learning points were achieved, and how can the company ensure that this knowledge is embedded in future strategic considerations? 5. Identify, describe, and discuss the competitive environment and market characteristics if the ind ustry in which Coloplast belongs. Levendary Cafà ©: The China challenge 2011, HBS #4357 STRAT MAGT – Internationalization; expansion in China; standardization vs. adaptation; relationship HQ-subsidiary UD: 12/12/2012 Overview and Objectives: The case describes the establishment of Levendary Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s subsidiary in China and its evolving relationship with its parent company during the first two years of its existence. It focuses in particular on the decisions and actions of Louis Chen, the founding president of the subsidiary as he tries to establish relations in China and to negotiate its relationships with Headquarters in the USA. The case enables to examine the following topics: 1) the need for standardization and control vs. differentiation and flexibility; 2) the tension between strategic control and entrepreneurial flexibility; and 3) situational leadership, and leadership models. More precisely, it can be used to build an understanding of the roles and responsibilities of country subsidiary management and the corresponding changes in the nature of the headquarters-subsidiary relationship, including the control aspect. Students can also study the global strategic issue of operations of standardization vs. adaptation, and the structures and systems built to manage that tension. Suggested Questions: 1. What is your evaluation of the way Levendary Cafà © has entered the China market? 2. What changes (in any) should Mia Foster make? Specifically, what should she do about Louis Chen? And what changes (if any) would you propose at headquarters? 3. Prepare a specific action program for Foster to help her deal with the need for continued growth in China. What should be on the agenda for her meeting with Chen?

Ethics And Ethics Of Business Ethics - 1200 Words

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